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Authors
Guo, Huifen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4938-8021
Zhou, Zhen https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7860-4831
Ma, Fengqi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-2034
Ning, Zhijun https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9367-0497
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (23JDSZ3200)
the Macao funding schemes granted by the Science and Technology Development Fund (0071/2023/RIB3)
the Joint Research Funding Program between the Macau Science and Technology Development Fund, and the 2024 Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (0003-2024-AGJ)
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: This research project has received ethical approval from the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Education, Guangzhou University (GZHUSE2024001). Informed consent was obtained from all of the participants included in this study.
: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
