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Article History

Received: 30 September 2025

Accepted: 6 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this research was granted by the Ethics Committee of Masaryk Institute of Advanced Studies, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic (Approval No. MUVS-1/2024-001). All experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and guidelines applicable to research involving human participants. We acknowledge that the use of sensitive data from eye-tracking and biometrics necessitates a robust ethical framework, particularly when involving minors. To protect participant privacy, all data was anonymized. Looking ahead, we recognize the importance of developing a clear, long-term policy for the secure storage and destruction of this sensitive data. Future work will also explore how a student’s awareness of being monitored influences their behavior, ensuring our real-time assessment tools are both practical and non-intrusive.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals who participated in the study. Furthermore, informed consent was also obtained from the guardians of the minor participants, in accordance with the ethical standards.

: Participants consented to the publication of anonymized data.

: All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Masaryk Institute of Advanced Studies, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic. No animals were used in the experiments.

: The authors declare no competing interests.