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Authors
Ghamrawi, Norma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-9657
Shal, Tarek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0824-6449
Ghamrawi, Najah A.R. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7588-4996
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qatar University
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 8 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted following the ethical standards and was approved by a local Integrity Review Committee of the Faculty of Education of the Lebanese University. All participants in this study provided written informed consent.
: The author declares no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
