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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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Article History
Received: 23 January 2025
Accepted: 9 July 2025
First Online: 30 July 2025
Declarations
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: This research was carried out in accordance with the Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research (). Fish collection, handling, and transport were authorized by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife through a scientific collection permit and a fish transport permit. All living fish were returned to the Columbia River after experimental rearing.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
