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Authors
Brophy-Herb, Holly E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2186-6025
El Saedy, Salma https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4352-5917
Stacks, Ann https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9604-9436
Caringi, Carla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-1290
Tseng, Chi-Fang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6410-9521
Vallotton, Claire D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7815-2993
Borelli, Jessica L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-6732
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD090406)
Administration for Children and Families (90YR0092-04-00)
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Article History
Received: 7 August 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 7 April 2026
Declarations
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: All protocols and procedures were approved by the Michigan State University Human Research Protection Program, #17–1004, which served as the IRB of record. The study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards as outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained prior to data collection.
: Informed consent was obtained prior to data collection.
: We have no known financial conflicts or other conflicts related to other competing interests to disclose.
