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Authors
L. Lee, Shawna https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8200-3565
Turner, Karen M. T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-5012
Dittman, Cassandra K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-8785
Specht, Jacqueline https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-1232
Day, Jamin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4277-4816
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Central Queensland University
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from SL’s university ethics committee. The authors certify that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
: All participants gave informed consent before taking part in the study.
: The Triple P – Positive Parenting Program and the PECE – Positive Early Childhood Education Program are developed and owned by The University of Queensland (UQ). Royalties from the programs are distributed to the School of Psychology and Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences at UQ, and contributory authors of published resources. Triple P International (TPI) Pty Ltd is a private company licensed by Uniquest, Pty Ltd, a commercialisation company of UQ, to publish and disseminate Triple P and related programs worldwide. The authors of this paper have no share or ownership of TPI. SL is a consultant trainer for TPI. KT and CD are contributory authors and receive royalties from TPI. JS and JD have no conflicts to declare.
