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Article History

Received: 24 August 2025

Accepted: 10 April 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the University of Education, Winneba (UEW), Ghana, in accordance with internationally recognized ethical standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision). Ethical clearance was granted under the approval reference number UEW/ERC/24/0315.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants received detailed written and oral explanations of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and anticipated benefits. They were assured of confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw without consequence. Parental consent was additionally obtained for classroom observations involving children.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. There were no financial, institutional, or personal relationships that could have influenced the research design, implementation, analysis, or reporting. This study was conducted independently and with full integrity, and no external interests affected the findings or their interpretation.