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Article History

Received: 5 November 2024

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The authors whose names are listed immediately below certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

: The study was entirely based on register data and was approved by Joint Doctorate Programme between University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UEH) and Erasmus University Rotterdam (2019 − 1843/GD-ĐT). Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.