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Authors
de Bruin, Anique B. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5178-0287
Janssen, Eva M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9064-8473
Waldeyer, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-9200
Stebner, Ferdinand https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-1722
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (VI.Vidi.195.135)
Jacobs Foundation
European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction
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Article History
Received: 21 May 2025
Accepted: 12 June 2025
First Online: 27 June 2025
Declarations
: The author has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. This work was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) [VIDI grant number: VI.Vidi.195.135], by the Jacobs Foundation, and by the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI). We thank Eva Metz for editing the language and references in this manuscript. The authors would like to deeply thank all members of the EARLI Emerging Field Group “Monitoring and Regulation of Effort” for ongoing discussions and collaborations that contributed to the conceptualization of this work.
