Seo, Eunjin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-3415
Clapper, Margarett https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8932-6116
Hecht, Cameron A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-6003
Crosnoe, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5861-0555
Yeager, David S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9503
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Academy of Education (NAEd/Spencer Postdoctoral Fellowship)
National Science Foundation (2004831)
National Science Foundation (2243530)
National Science Foundation (2201928)
National Science Foundation (2322330)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD042849)
Article History
Received: 30 November 2023
Accepted: 25 September 2025
First Online: 30 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.