Ritter, Christian https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3237-385X
Hausman, Hannah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1491-4842
Gaschler, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8576-5330
Tiffin-Richards, Simon P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2198-2707
Kubik, Veit https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2908-2594
Funding for this research was provided by:
Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
Article History
Received: 2 May 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 11 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The study was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles for Psychologists and Code of Conduct and approved by the ethics committees of FernUniversität in Hagen (EA_232_2020) and University of Bielefeld (2021–091). All participants gave informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki before participating in the study, with the understanding that they could withdraw at any time. There were no ethical concerns about the proposed experiments that required further review.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.