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Authors
Wong, Sarah Shi Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-212X
Qiu, Sophia Xuefei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Yale-NUS College (Yale-NUS College)
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Declarations
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: This research was conducted with the appropriate ethics approval from the National University of Singapore’s institutional review board.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: During the intervention in this study, the general-AI and regulated-AI groups used the GPT-4 version of ChatGPT via the web interface ( ) that was available from OpenAI at the time through a ChatGPT Plus subscription. Default parameters in the interface were used, except that memory/model training was switched off.
