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Article History

Received: 29 May 2025

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable (No human or animal specimens are involved).

: All the authors consented and approve the publication of the manuscript.Ethical responsibilities of authors.All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on "Ethical responsibilities of Authors" as found in the Instructions for Authors.

: Experimental research and field studies on plants, including the collection of plant material, complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.

: This study is among the first to integrate both deterministic and probabilistic approaches—including Monte Carlo simulations, and RESRAD modeling—to comprehensively assess radiological risks associated with artisanal gold mining. The multi-model comparison provides deeper insights into the variability and reliability of dose and cancer risk estimates in under-researched communities.

: The findings offer critical implications for the mining industry, particularly in risk-prone artisanal mining regions. The results can inform policy makers, environmental health authorities, and mining operators on the need for improved radiation protection standards, site remediation practices, and public health surveillance. The approach used in this study may also serve as a model for similar risk assessments in comparable industrial settings.