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Article History

Received: 5 August 2025

Accepted: 27 December 2025

First Online: 3 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study does not include human or animal subjects. Permission Permissions or licenses were obtained to collect the spinach seeds from the University of Lahore's farm prior to commencing the research. Random soil samples were also obtained with authorization from the sandy clay loam research site. Statement on guidelines All experimental studies and experimental materials involved in this research are in full compliance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.