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Article History

Received: 16 September 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 1 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: This is an observational study for which no ethical approval is required.

: Not applicable.

: All authors agreed to the publication and approved the final version.

: Samples of human beings or animals were not used for this study. Instead, the experiments were conducted on sediment, tailings, and soil samples, and hence no consent statement is needed for this study.