Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 December 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Kidney stone samples analysed in this study were obtained as surgical by-products during routine clinical procedures. Dr Hussein, a member of the project team, performed the sampling. The patient gave verbal informed consent for the use of the excised material in scientific research. At the time of sampling, hospitals in the Kurdistan Region did not have standardised written consent procedures for the donation of biological materials for research; however, the patient explicitly agreed to the research use of the material. According to local regulations, anonymised surgical by-products do not require additional approval from an institutional ethics committee. All samples were fully anonymised before analysis, and no personal identifiers were collected or processed.