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Article History

Received: 29 November 2025

Accepted: 22 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

: This study involved no human participants, animal subjects, or identifiable personal data. All groundwater sampling and field procedures complied with institutional and national guidelines. Ethics approval was not required, as the research was limited to environmental water sampling and chemical analysis.

: Not applicable. No human participants were involved in this study.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain data from any individual person, images of human subjects, or identifiable personal information.