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Authors
Abrahamowicz, Michal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3172-3952
Beauchamp, Marie-Eve https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-0157
Roberts, Emily K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5838-9691
Taylor, Jeremy M. G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-180634)
National Institutes of Health (CA046592)
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2024
Accepted: 6 May 2025
First Online: 3 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: Our first real-word example is based on reconstructed data from the CheckMate 057 RCT, which was approved by an institutional review board or ethics committee at each participating center, and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki []. Our second real-word example used publicly available data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), which is an authoritative source of information on cancer incidence and survival in the United States. SEER currently collects and publishes cancer incidence and survival data from population-based cancer registries covering approximately 48.0 percent of the U.S. population. Ethics approval was not applicable.
