Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (R01 CA151993)
National Institutes of Health (R35 CA197735)
National Institutes of Health (R21 CA230873)
National Institutes of Health (R01 CA248857)
National Institutes of Health (R50 CA274122)
Cancer Research UK (C10674/A27140)
American Cancer Society (CRP-24-1185864-01-PROF)
Prevent Cancer Foundation
Brigham and Women's Hospital
American Institute for Cancer Research
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Accepted: 1 October 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors do not have any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this article.
: We use HUGO (Human Genome Organisation)-approved official symbols for genes and gene products, such as PTGS2; all of which are described at . The official symbols of genes are italicized, while those for gene products are non-italicized.