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Authors
Schüssel, Katrin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8377-2254
Brückner, Gabriela https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4464-5351
Schröder, Helmut https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1447-6794
Doblhammer, Gabriele https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-0652
Jessen, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1067-2102
Ernst, Julian https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3679-1488
Caratiola, Christopher https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3548-9367
Münnich, Ralf https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8285-5667
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG FOR 2559)
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 4 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: This is an observational study utilizing aggregate data. Ethical approval was not required for secondary data analysis and synthesis of published evidence, as no new data were collected and data analysis did not affect patients or therapeutic decisions in any way. Regarding data privacy regulation, the Scientific Institute of the AOK (WIdO) processes routine healthcare data on behalf of the AOKs - in accordance with Article 28 of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR) and with paragraph 80 of the German Social Code, Book X (SGB X) - and uses it for research projects according to paragraph 287 of the German Social Code, Book V (SGB V). The data available at WIdO is adjusted to remove any direct personal references. Within the scope of the present study, only aggregate and extrapolated data sets (results of statistical estimates) were used, which no longer contain any personal references and do not fall within the scope of the EU GDPR.
