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Authors
Karachaliou, Marianna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0747
Kogevinas, Manolis
Smith, George Davey
Andersen, Anne-Marie Nybo
Avraam, Demetris
Barros, Henrique
Bhopal, Sunil
Brustad, Nicklas
Bustamante, Mariona
Bønnelykke, Klaus
Charles, Marie-Aline
Dadvand, Payam
Dobaño, Carlota
Dufourg, Marie-Noëlle
Gascon, Mireia
Hamilton, Fergus
Karramass, Tarik
Lertxundi, Aitana
Llop, Sabrina
Magnus, Per
Santos, Susana
Schou Trogstad, Lill-Iren
Timpson, Nic J.
Vrijheid, Martine
Waterboer, Tim
Welten, Marieke
Wright, John
Pembrey, Lucy
Duijts, Liesbeth
Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme (733206)
MSCA postdoctoral fellowships (101152509)
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Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 30 July 2026
First Online: 20 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval: Each study was approved by each center‘s ethics committee. Cohort-specific ethical approvals can be found in Appendix. Ethical approval was granted by local research ethics committees for each individual study, and participants or child’s legal guardians provided informed consent, where applicable.
Consent to participate: Before enrolment, all participants signed an informed consent in accordance with each center‘s ethics committee.
