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Article History

Received: 12 July 2024

Accepted: 9 December 2024

First Online: 19 December 2024

Declarations

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: All experiments and procedures were conducted following the relevant guidelines and regulations pertaining to the research conducted, including adherence to ethical principles outlined in Saudi Arabia’s national laws and regulations and also following the guidelines of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. This manuscript reports research that does not involve human-related experiments. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this study. All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors.

: This manuscript does not involve the participation of human subjects or any other entities that require consent for participation. Therefore, no consent was necessary for the conduct of this study. The research reported in this article solely utilizes publicly available data, pre-existing materials, or experimental procedures that do not involve direct interaction with individuals or entities requiring consent.Authors declare that they have complied with all relevant ethical standards and guidelines pertaining to research conduct and publication ethics.

: This manuscript does not contain any proprietary or sensitive information that requires consent for publication. All materials presented in this article are original works and do not infringe upon the intellectual property rights of any individual, organization, or entity.Authors declare that they have full authority to publish this work and that it does not require consent for publication from any third party. Any included materials such as figures, tables, or text from other sources have been properly cited and used in accordance with copyright laws and fair use guidelines.

: The authors declare no competing interests.