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Article History

Received: 8 May 2025

Accepted: 4 September 2025

First Online: 20 September 2025

Declarations

: All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors.

: This retrospective study used anonymised hospital and census data. The University of Liverpool Ethics Committee confirmed that no ethical approval was required, as the study involved de-identified data collected for routine clinical purposes, in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: No informed consent was required, as the study used anonymised, aggregated data with no identifying information.

: No clinical data is used.

: The authors declare no competing interests.