Husain, Hazizi
Nor, Amal Najihah Muhamad
Abas, Muhamad Azahar
Amir, Aainaa
Rafaai, Nur Hairunnisa
Jaafar, Siti Balqis
Rosdi, Ashiah
Ahmad, Farah Nabila
Atan, Fazrin Munirah
Kasim, Ahmad Shahdan
Mahmud, Hairulazim
Saaban, Salman
Hambali, Kamarul
Funding for this research was provided by:
Malaysian Palm Oil Green Conservation Foundation (MPOGCF/2023/PRO/LET-00013)
UMK Rising Star 2024 Grant (R/STA/A0800/00386A/006/2024/01330)
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Article History
Received: 19 October 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.