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Authors
Zhang, Houtian
Wang, Hidong
Jiao, Yiheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Planning Projects of Luoyang City, Henan Province (No.2401030B)
the Key Science and Technology Research Projects of Henan Province (No.252102320172)
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized publicly available, anonymized secondary datasets and did not involve direct research on human or animal subjects. Therefore, ethical committee approval was not required.
: Informed consent for the original publicly available datasets had already been obtained by the primary data providers; thus, this item is not applicable to the present study.
: This study analyzed aggregated-level data that do not contain any personally identifiable information; therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This article is published under the subscription-based, non-open-access model.
