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Authors
Viluksela, Matti https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5054-0871
Saurola, Pertti
Koivusaari, Juhani
Finnlund, Matts
Sara-Aho, Timo
Bignert, Anders https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-3098
Tuomisto, Jouni T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-1762
Kiviranta, Hannu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-1611
Verta, Matti
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Eastern Finland
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 23 May 2026
Declarations
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: Collection of the samples of this study, i.e., unhatched eggs, was carried out by licensed bird ringers when they were checking the occupied osprey territories and ringing the nestlings. In Finland, catching and ringing birds are activities regulated by the Nature Conservation Act (1096/1996) and the Hunting Act (615/1993). During the study, bird ringing was organized by the Ringing Centre of the Finnish Museum of Natural History, which also supervises the mandatory training and organizes the licensing exams ( ). This activity is authorized by the Ministry of Environment. Collection of unhatched eggs of the present study was included in the nationwide monitoring Project Pandion led by the Finnish Museum of Natural History and authorized by the Ministry of Environment.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
