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Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 6 June 2026

First Online: 26 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is a literature review based exclusively on previously published data. It did not involve experiments with humans or animals, and therefore ethical approval was not required.

: All authors have read, reviewed, and approved the final version of the manuscript, and consent to its submission for publication in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment .

: The Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Innovation (RCGI), hosted at the University of São Paulo (USP) and sponsored by FAPESP–São Paulo Research Foundation and Shell Brasil, provided financial and institutional support for the development of this work. Additional support was received from ANP–Brazil’s National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels—through its R&DI levy regulation, as well as from the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). To minimize potential conflicts of interest, none of these institutions had access to the analytical results, interpretations, or conclusions prior to the submission of this manuscript. Furthermore, several measures were taken to ensure independence and scientific rigor: the use of publicly available and internationally recognized datasets; the adoption of methods grounded in peer-reviewed literature; and the inclusion of analyses covering regions and contexts beyond those directly associated with the supporting institutions. In addition, hypotheses, methods, and preliminary findings were reviewed by independent experts, and the manuscript was submitted to a peer-reviewed journal.