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Article History

Received: 28 February 2025

Accepted: 8 November 2025

First Online: 21 December 2025

Declarations

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: This study does not involve human participants, animal subjects, or sensitive data requiring ethical approval. All data utilized in the analysis were derived from publicly available sources and secondary datasets, ensuring compliance with ethical standards for research. The authors confirm adherence to the principles of research integrity, transparency, and accountability throughout the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with financial or non-financial interests in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.