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Authors
Rasool, Yasir
Chen, Zhao
Kashif, Umair
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (23&ZD066)
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Article History
Received: 13 August 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 22 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any form of primary data collection; hence, no ethical approval was required. All analyses are based on publicly available secondary data obtained from globally recognized and reputable databases. The data sources include the Global Footprint Network for ecological footprint, Our World development indicators for natural resources, population density, and GDP, and the Our World in Data for energy intensity, and the Worldwide Governance Indicators for government effectiveness.
