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All ‘Dark patterns’ Are ‘Hostile patterns’: A Hostility Framework for Understanding Problematic Digital Interfaces

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-025-09856-z

Published Online: 2025-10-11

Published Print: 2025-12

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

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