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Performance-Based Optimization of Passive and Active Fire Protection for the Resilience of Concrete Tunnel Liners to Vehicular Fires

Published Online: 2025-08-30

Authors

Zhu, Zheda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-3110
Quiel, Spencer E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1316-7059
Naito, Clay J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3835-8131
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

U.S. Department of Transportation (69A3551747118)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-08-30

Version of Record valid from 2025-08-30
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Article History

Received: 24 December 2024

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 30 August 2025

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