Mrozik, Wojciech https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9055-6747
McDonald, Joseph
Shuttleworth, Emma
Dickman, Neville
Christensen, Paul
Gaya, Caroline
Marlair, Guy
Funding for this research was provided by:
Faraday Institution (FIRG061)
Fire Industry Association (NU-018927)
Article History
Received: 10 May 2025
Revised: 2 October 2025
Accepted: 18 November 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: This study was conducted using experiments and calculations and did not require ethics approval.
: This study did not involve human participants and, therefore, did not require informed consent.