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Authors
Abdullah, Sabreen
Hamed, Mohamed
El-DinEl-Din, Alaa Salah
Sayed, Alaa El-Din H.
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Article History
Received: 3 August 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: All experimental procedures involving C. gariepinus were performed following established ethical guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. The study protocol received approval from Aswan University, Egypt (ASWU/05/ZO/13–01/01). Measures were taken to minimize the number of animals used and to alleviate their suffering. Fish were humanely euthanized using ice anesthesia to ensure minimal pain and distress during sample collection.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
