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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All experimental procedures were conducted in strict accordance with institutional and national guidelines (CPCSEA) for the care and use of laboratory animals. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of Periyar University (Approval No. PU-IAEC/2023/Zeb.F/01, dated 30/08/2023). Humane endpoints were established prior to experimentation, and fish were monitored daily for signs of stress, abnormal behaviour, or mortality. Animals were maintained under optimal water quality, temperature, and photoperiod conditions to minimize external stressors. No procedures causing unnecessary pain or discomfort were conducted, and the number of animals used was kept to the minimum necessary to achieve statistical validity. This study does not involve any research on human participants.

: During the preparation of this work the author(s) not used AI assisted technologies.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.