Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52208334)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220856)
Jiangsu Urban Underground Space Development and Utilization and Safety Protection Engineering Research Center (2023-CSDXJJ-02)
Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Building Structure and Underground Engineering (KLBSUE-2023-1)
Article History
Received: 21 March 2025
Accepted: 16 June 2025
First Online: 9 July 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.