Wang, Jing
Liang, Huqing
Tang, Mengxiong
Zhang, Jizhe
He, Jingyuan
He, Hongtong
Wang, Jianbo
Tian, Xiaoxuan
Huang, Ruizhe
Funding for this research was provided by:
National key research and development plan of China (2022YFB2603300)
National key research and development plan of China (2022YFB2603303)
Guangzhou Metro Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd fund: Tunnel structure crack detection hardware and software system for subway operation management and protection monitoring (KY-2021-046)
Article History
Received: 7 September 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 22 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.