Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52108317)
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2025JJ50293)
Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety (SKLGME022016)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
Article History
Received: 15 August 2025
Accepted: 18 October 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Declarations
:
: No conflict of interest exists in the submission of this manuscript, and the manuscript is approved by all authors for publication.