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Authors
Thinh, Phan Huu
Son, Nguyen Hoang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2469-5690
Lang, Le Phuc Chi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1379-6669
Huong, Nguyen Thi Minh
Hang, Phan Anh https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9365-2340
Hanh, Le Ngoc https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-9668
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hue University under the Core Research Program (NCM.DHH.2023.03)
Hue University under the Core Research Program (DHH2024-19-05)
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Article History
Received: 15 December 2024
Accepted: 25 October 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
: This study was conducted in compliance with all applicable ethical standards for research. Prior to the fieldwork, informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in surveys and interviews. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed about the purpose of the study, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of the data.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the surveys and interviews. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, and their right to confidentiality and anonymity. All participants voluntarily agreed to take part in the study and provided written consent for their data to be used in the research.
