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Authors
Elgood-Hunt, Georgia
Cheeseman, Jack
Gardner, Richard A.
Sénard, Thomas
Urbanowicz, Paulina A.
Leon, Alejandro A. Garcia
McCarthy, Cormac
Monopoli, Marco P.
Fernandes, Daryl L.
Thompson, Craig P.
Mayboroda, Oleg A.
Mallon, Patrick. W.G.
Spencer, Daniel I. R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovate UK (69371, 2021)
Wellcome Trust and the Health Research Board (203930/B/16/Z)
Science Foundation Ireland (20/COV/0305 and 20/COV/8549)
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Article History
Received: 28 July 2025
Revised: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 3 November 2025
First Online: 20 January 2026
Declarations
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: Regarding the AIID cohort, the study followed national and European regulations on health research on health research by the St Vincent's Hospital Group Research Ethics Committee and the National Research Ethics Committee for COVID-19 in Ireland. Ethical agreement for analysis of the samples and associated metadata from the Arden Biobank at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW) under reference "ATB21-32". Data analysis at Ludger ltd for the Arden Biobank was achieved via obtaining a visiting research associate position.
: The authors based at Ludger Ltd work in the production of glycan analytical tools and services, alongside development and manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. The remaining authors do not have competing interests to declare.
