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Article History

Received: 28 March 2025

Accepted: 2 July 2025

First Online: 27 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All participants involved in this study voluntarily agreed to take part after being informed of the study’s objectives, methods, potential benefits, and risks. Informed verbal consent was obtained from farmers, key informants, and focus group participants prior to any interviews or data collection activities. The purpose of the research and the intended use of the data were clearly explained in the local language to ensure full understanding. Participation was entirely voluntary, and individuals had the right to decline or withdraw at any point without consequence. No personal identifiers were recorded, and participant confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout the research process.

: All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its submission for publication. The authors affirm that the manuscript represents original work that has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All participants involved in the study gave their consent for the anonymized information and data collected during the research to be published in academic and scientific outlets.

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical research standards involving local communities and biodiversity resources. Prior informed consent was obtained from all participating farmers, key informants, and focus group members before data collection. Participants were informed of the purpose of the study, their voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any time. The collection of sorghum landraces was carried out with full respect for community rights, traditional knowledge, and the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). No commercial use or genetic modification of the collected materials was involved. The research was approved by the Somali Region Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Research Institute’s internal review committee. All data have been handled confidentially and used solely for academic and conservation purposes.