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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 7 June 2026

First Online: 16 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. The study relies solely on historical documentary sources and does not involve human participants or primary data collection; therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate were not required.

: This research was carried out during the author’s appointment at the International Centre for Higher Education Research (INCHER), University of Kassel, where they were employed throughout the duration of the study.

: During the preparation of this manuscript the author(s) used ChatGPT by OpenAI during the editing process, for the purposes of improving the readability, clarity, and flow of the text. No content was generated or altered beyond narrative refinement. AI technology was applied with human oversight; after using this service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the manuscript as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

: The author formally declares that she has no established conflicting financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the research presented in this paper.