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Article History

Accepted: 25 April 2025

First Online: 3 May 2025

Declarations

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: Gad Cotter and Beth Davison are employees of Momentum Research, which has received grants for research from the Heart Initiative, Corteria, Windtree, Echosens, and 4 teen4. Mark C Petrie has received research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, SQ Innovations, Astra Zeneca, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Pharmacosmos and consulted or been on clinical trials committees for – Abbott, Akero, Abvie, Applied Therapeutics, Amgen, AnaCardio, Biosensors, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corteria, Novartis, Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Abbvie, Bayer, Horizon Therapeutics, Foundry, Takeda, Cardiorentis, Pharmacosmos, Siemens, Eli Lilly, Vifor, New Amsterdam, Moderna, Teikoku, LIB Therapeutics, 3R Lifesciences, Reprieve, FIRE 1, Corvia, Regeneron. Javed Butler is a consultant for Abbott, Adaptyx, American Regent, Amgen, AskBio, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiac Dimension, Cardior, CSL Vifor, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Daxor, Diastol, Edwards, Element Sciences, Faraday, Idorsia, Impulse Dynamics, Imbria, Innolife, Intellia, Inventiva, Levator, Lexicon, Eli Lilly, Mankind, Medtronic, Merck, New Amsterdam, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Pharmain, Prolaio, Pulnovo, Regeneron, Renibus, Reprieve, Roche, Rycarma, Saillent, Salamandra, Salubris, SC Pharma, SQ Innovation, Secretome, Sequanna, Transmural, TekkunLev, Tenex, Tricog, Ultromic, Vera, Zoll. Ovidiu Chioncel received grants from Servier. Jan Biegus has received honoraria from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and AstraZeneca for lectures and from Alleviant Medical, Reprieve Cardiovascular, and WhiteSwell for participation in clinical trial advisory boards. Jan Biegus is a member of the Editorial Board of ESC Heart Failure and Heart Failure Reviews. Matteo Pagnesi has received personal fees from Abbott Laboratories, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Roche Diagnostics and Vifor Pharma. Adriaan A. Voors has received consultancy fees or research support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Myocardia, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Roche Diagnostics. Marco Metra received consulting honoraria from Astra-Zeneca, bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, NovoNordisk, Roche Diagnostics. Piotr Ponikowski reports grants and personal fees from Amgen, grants and personal fees from Servier, Boehringer Ingelheim, Vifor Pharma, Novartis, Bayer, Cibiem, AstraZeneca, BMS, Renal Guard Solutions, Impulse Dynamics, and Abbott Vascular, and personal fees from Berlin Chemie outside of the submitted work. Douglas Mann is on the scientific advisory board for Tenaya therapeutics, HAYA Therapeutics and Cardurion Therapeutics and is a consultant to Novo holdings and Tourmaline Therapeutics. Deepak L. Bhatt discloses the following relationships - Advisory Board: Angiowave, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, E-Star Biotech, High Enroll, Janssen, Level Ex, McKinsey, Medscape Cardiology, Merck, NirvaMed, Novo Nordisk, Stasys; Tourmaline Bio; Board of Directors: American Heart Association New York City, Angiowave (stock options), Bristol Myers Squibb (stock), DRS.LINQ (stock options), High Enroll (stock); Consultant: Broadview Ventures, Corcept Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Hims, SFJ, Summa Therapeutics, Youngene; Data Monitoring Committees: Acesion Pharma, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute, for the PORTICO trial, funded by St. Jude Medical, now Abbott), Boston Scientific (Chair, PEITHO trial), Cleveland Clinic, Contego Medical (Chair, PERFORMANCE 2), Duke Clinical Research Institute, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (for the ENVISAGE trial, funded by Daiichi Sankyo; for the ABILITY-DM trial, funded by Concept Medical; for ALLAY-HF, funded by Alleviant Medical), Novartis, Population Health Research Institute; Rutgers University (for the NIH-funded MINT Trial); Honoraria: American College of Cardiology (Senior Associate Editor, Clinical Trials and News, ACC.org; Chair, ACC Accreditation Oversight Committee), Arnold and Porter law firm (work related to Sanofi/Bristol-Myers Squibb clopidogrel litigation), Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute; AEGIS-II executive committee funded by CSL Behring), Belvoir Publications (Editor in Chief, Harvard Heart Letter), Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge Translation Research Group (clinical trial steering committees), CSL Behring (AHA lecture), Cowen and Company, Duke Clinical Research Institute (clinical trial steering committees, including for the PRONOUNCE trial, funded by Ferring Pharmaceuticals), HMP Global (Editor in Chief, Journal of Invasive Cardiology), Journal of the American College of Cardiology (Guest Editor; Associate Editor), Level Ex, Medtelligence/ReachMD (CME steering committees), MJH Life Sciences, Oakstone CME (Course Director, Comprehensive Review of Interventional Cardiology), Piper Sandler, Population Health Research Institute (for the COMPASS operations committee, publications committee, steering committee, and USA national co-leader, funded by Bayer), WebMD (CME steering committees), Wiley (steering committee); Other: Clinical Cardiology (Deputy Editor); Patent: Sotagliflozin (named on a patent for sotagliflozin assigned to Brigham and Women’s Hospital who assigned to Lexicon; neither I nor Brigham and Women’s Hospital receive any income from this patent); Research Funding: Abbott, Acesion Pharma, Afimmune, Aker Biomarine, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beren, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardax, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Chiesi, CinCor, Cleerly, CSL Behring, Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Fractyl, Garmin, HLS Therapeutics, Idorsia, Ironwood, Ischemix, Janssen, Javelin, Lexicon, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Moderna, MyoKardia, NirvaMed, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Owkin, Pfizer, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Recardio, Regeneron, Reid Hoffman Foundation, Roche, Sanofi, Stasys, Synaptic, The Medicines Company, Youngene, 89Bio; Royalties: Elsevier (Editor, Braunwald’s Heart Disease); Site Co-Investigator: Cleerly.