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Article History

Received: 22 December 2025

Revised: 16 January 2026

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This review was conducted in accordance with established ethical standards for scholarly publications and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, where applicable. No human or animal subjects were involved and no ethics approval committee or IRB was applicable in this case.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable (this article does not involve human participants or the collection of individual data).

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Dr. Selvaraj receives research support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL161348 and 1R03HL180898-01), American Heart Association (#935275), American Academy of CME, Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research, and the Robert A. Winn Foundation Excellence in Clinical Trials. He consults for AstraZeneca and BridgeBio. Dr. Michel G Khouri reports institutional research support from Pfizer, BridgeBio Pharma, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, and Ionis Pharmaceuticals; consulting/advisory board support from BridgeBio Pharma and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, and is a member of Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Speaker’s Bureau.

: Not applicable.