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Article History

Received: 12 November 2025

Revised: 26 January 2026

Accepted: 7 February 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: P.L. has received institutional fees and research grants from Abbott Vascular, Edwards Lifesciences, and ReCor; honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences, Abbott Medical, Innoventric, ReCor, and Boehringer Ingelheim; and has stock options with Innoventric. K.P.R. has received consultant fees from Edwards Lifesciences. M.S.K. has participated in a data-safety monitoring board or advisory board for Bayer and reports consulting fees from Bayer, Novartis, and Boehringer Ingelheim. S.B. serves on advisory boards for Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, Biotronik, Amgen, Pfizer, Merck, Shockwave, ReCor, Inari, and Imperative Care. H.D.A. reports consulting for ReCor, Medtronic, and Silk Road Medical. J.A.G. received funding from the Department of Veterans Affairs outside the submitted work. M.F. was supported by the NIH, Alleviant, Gradient, Reprieve, Sardocor, and Doris Duke. He is a consultant and/or has ownership interest in Abbott, Acorai, Ajax, Alio Health, Alleviant, Artha, Astellas, Audicor, AxonTherapies, BMS, Bodyguide, Bodyport, Boston Scientific, Broadview, Cadence, Cardiosense, Cardioflow, Clinical Accelerator, CVRx, Daxor, Edwards LifeSciences, Echosens, EKO, Endotronix, Feldschuh Foundation, Fire1, FlowMod, FutureCardia, Gradient, Hatteras, HemodynamiQ, Impulse Dynamics, ISHI, Lumia Health, Medtronic, NovoNordisk, NucleusRx, Omega, Orchestra, Parasym, Pharmacosmos, Presidio, Procyreon, Proton Intelligence, Puzzle, ReCor, Scirent, SCPharma, Shifamed, Splendo, Summacor, SyMap, Terumo, Vifor Pharma, Vironix, Viscardia, and Zoll. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.