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Authors
Kasper, Katharina
Say-Sallaz, Elise
Stępniak, Kinga M.
Chibowski, Piotr
Sykut, Maciej T.
Kamiński, Tomasz
Vila López, Jose M.
Kowalczyk, Rafał
Schmidt, Krzysztof
Kuijper, Dries P. J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung (IZW) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.
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Article History
Received: 21 June 2025
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 5 May 2026
Declarations
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: The survey adhered to the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Participation was completely voluntary, and respondents were informed about the purpose of the study, the data being collected, and how their responses would be used. Participants were assured of their privacy and could withdraw from the survey at any time without penalty. The capture and translocation of the wolf were carried out under a permit issued by the Regional Directorate of Nature Conservation in Białystok (Grant No. WPN.6401.32.2021.AP). Blood and vibrissae samples were collected either postmortem or during routine veterinary procedures. In Poland, ethics committees for animals are only required to review experimental procedures. Currently, there is no separate ethics committee responsible for overseeing standard veterinary practices. Therefore, no additional ethical approval or clinical trial registration was necessary for these procedures.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
