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Authors
Padilha, Janeide https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1901-5822
Teixeira, Amílcar
Sousa, Ronaldo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5961-5515
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PTDC/CTA-AMB/0510/2021)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (2023.07078.CEECIND)
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Article History
Received: 29 January 2025
Revised: 3 November 2025
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: This study did not require formal approval from an institutional ethics committee, as per the regulations in place at the authors’ institution at the time of data collection, given that it involved non-invasive, anonymous surveys. Nevertheless, the research was conducted following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and international guidelines for ethical research in the social sciences.
: All participants were informed about the aims of the study, assured of the anonymity and confidentiality of their responses, and provided informed consent before participation. For minors, informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, and assent was obtained from the children themselves.
