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Article History

Received: 5 March 2025

Revised: 11 June 2025

Accepted: 11 June 2025

First Online: 12 July 2025

Declarations

:

: All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Liaoning Provincial People’s Hospital and were conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and reduce the number of animals used. Anesthesia and analgesia were administered during surgical procedures to ensure animal welfare, and humane endpoints were established to prevent unnecessary distress. All experimental protocols were reviewed to ensure compliance with institutional and national ethical standards for animal research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.