Document is current

Article History

Received: 8 July 2025

Revised: 7 September 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 10 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Participant enrolment and sample collection were performed following approved protocol from the institutional review board at the University of Palermo (5/201416042014) and at the University of Campania (2021.001336).

: Use of human entheseal cells was approved by the North West–Greater Manchester West Research Ethics Committee (REC: 16/NW/0797).All procedures involving HLA-B27 transgenic rats were approved by the University of Glasgow Ethical Review Panel and conducted under licences issued by the UK Home Office. The Johns Hopkins University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all procedures involving Sost⁻/⁻ mice. The University of Queensland Animal Ethics Committee approved all procedures involving SKG mice. Animal experiments adhered to the ARRIVE guidelines. Clinical Trial number is not applicable for the research involved in this study.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors utilized ChatGPT-4 (OpenAI) to enhance readability and language clarity. The authors reviewed and edited all AI-generated content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.

: The authors declare no competing interests.