Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 March 2022

Accepted: 21 August 2022

First Online: 6 September 2022

Declarations

: The participants were the entire body of fourth-grade students in a medium-sized elementary school in Zhongli, Taiwan. This study performed data collection of these participants for 2 years. The research obtained the consent of the principals and teachers of the elementary school in the 108th school year (September, 2019), as well as the consent of the parents. For those who choose not to participate in the study, the researcher arranged learning activities at the same test time so that students who have not participated in the research can still participate in learning. In the beginning, an explanation handout was given to the students’ parents by each class’s homeroom teacher on behalf of the research team, and the study commenced only after obtaining the parents’ letters of informed consent. The researcher discussed the test time with the school teacher, and on the principle of not affecting the student's course progress, the test was conducted with the assistance of the school instructor.

: The authors declare no competing interests.