Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 December 2022

Accepted: 29 December 2023

First Online: 25 January 2024

Declarations

:

: Parental consent of all students was obtained for collecting and analyzing data, ensuring compliance with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The collected data was handled with strict confidentiality and anonymity.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Note that the data in this paper have been presented previously in a conference paper (Baumanns et al., ), which is also referred to in this paper. The analyses in this paper significantly extend the analyses of Baumanns et al. () in the following way. Regarding research question 1, the results are more differentiated and the descriptions of the pattern-recognition processes are more detailed. For example, in this paper, we identify two different types (i.e. linear and recursive) of process (1), identifying one unit of repeat, which has not been described before. Regarding research question 2, we now also present the residuals of the contingency tables, which allow for statistically more robust statements on which pattern-recognition processes were observed more or less often for which units of repeat. Research question 3 was not part of Baumanns et al. (). This research question focuses in particular on differences between first-grade students with and without the risk of developing mathematical difficulties.